1. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The practice of unprotected sexual activity leads to three major consequences which include sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancies and socioeconomic impacts which create a worldwide public health emergency [1], [2]. Research indicates that many college students frequently engage in unprotected sexual activity. 9.8% of participants in a global poll of almost 70,000 students reported engaging in unprotected sexual activity in the year prior. The behaviour occurred in 3.2% to 16.0% of students who showed higher engagement in this behaviour according to the study results. A study conducted by researchers in 22 different countries found that 42% of sexually active students did not use contraception on a regular basis [3]. The data demonstrated that people across the world participate in hazardous sexual behaviour. The social and behavioural patterns of Southeast Asia link unprotected sexual activity to dangerous conduct which occurs because people consume excessive alcohol and reside in specific areas. [4]. People require training because their current understanding of safe execution methods is not adequate for them to perform their tasks safely. A Chilean study found that although more people used birth control methods, they did not understand how to use these methods correctly [5]. The research results demonstrate that human behaviour gets shaped by both cultural and personal beliefs together with the availability of health services [6]. National surveys from the Philippines show that young people between 15 and 24 years old practice significant premarital sexual activities [5], [7]. Intimacy views get shaped by peer pressure and cultural standards together with family values [8]. People now understand the dangers of pregnancy and AIDS, but they do not know how to use condoms properly [9]. The increasing number of HIV cases among young Filipinos demonstrates an urgent requirement to tackle unsafe sexual practices which has become a critical public health issue [10], [11].
As a transition age group, college students are prone to involving themselves in sexual acts that are high-risk. This may spring from human development themselves and the social environment they find themselves in. Rather than a little awareness of what sexually-transmitted diseases are and contraception can be contrary to the behaviour [12]. Criminology students represent a unique subgroup: as future law enforcers, they are expected to model discipline and responsibility yet remain susceptible to the same influences as their peers [7], [13]. There is limited information regarding the sexual health knowledge, attitudes, and practices of criminology students at Southway College of Technology in Agusan Del Sur. The Philippines currently conducts research which mainly focuses on health science students and the general public because researchers prefer to use quantitative surveys which fail to capture contextual details [14], [15]. The research studied criminal justice student attitudes toward sexual risk through surveys and interviews. The results will assist in developing personalized sexual health education programs which will improve police officer training outcomes and promote responsible officer behaviour.
2. RELATED WORK
Young adult sexual decision-making gets affected by peer pressure and social customs which show their most considerable effects. Research from multiple countries shows that students demonstrate lower condom use when their peer group does not accept protective behaviours as common practice [16]. Young adults frequently emulate their sexual behaviour based on peers [17], and discussions regarding condom utilization have been associated with safer practices [18]. Sudanese research demonstrates that peer norms and self-efficacy and HIV knowledge together predict consistent condom use according to cross-cultural research findings which show that these factors operate in similar ways across different cultures [19]. The Philippine research studies show that peer support and social environments serve as major influences on their sexual health behaviour [20].
The research findings demonstrate that peer influence interacts with personal attitudes and selfefficacy which makes social norms essential for safer sex promotion programs. People make sexual decisions based on their relationship dynamics and their ability to trust others. International studies indicate that trust and the length of relationships and perceptions of exclusivity decrease condom usage because people frequently connect non-usage with intimacy [21]. The protective behaviour of relationship partners increases through relationship communication while their sexual confidence leads to their complete condom use [22]. The trust relationship between students and their peers creates a false sense security which leads students to underestimate actual STI dangers. The Philippines needs sexual health interventions that integrate relationship dynamics because research shows that trust interlinks with condom use decision-making.
People believe that obstacles to safe-sex practices create additional barriers to safe-sex implementation. Emotional discomfort together with fear of being judged and the inability to negotiate condom use create a worldwide problem that results in inconsistent protection [23], [24]. Studies conducted in the Philippines show that stigma together with inadequate sex education and cultural discomfort create major obstacles to successful implementation of sex education programs [25]. Research conducted in Mindanao found that people demonstrate moderate to high awareness of contraceptives yet they face challenges in maintaining regular usage because of existing social norms. National data show that stigma and a lack of education keep people from changing their risky behaviours. The Health Belief Model states that people perceive barriers to their goals as greater than their benefits. The combination of institutional support together with action cues creates safer sexual practices. Evidence from around the world shows that structured education and counseling help people feel more confident and use condoms more often. Students succeed at making educated decisions when they can access reproductive health services.
2.1 Statement of the Problem
The goal of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding unprotected sexual behaviour among Criminology students somewhere at the Southway College of Technology. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender, year level, civil status,
religion, residence, and living arrangement?
2. What is the level of knowledge of Criminology students regarding unprotected sexual activity in terms
of: risks of sexually transmitted infections, prevention of STIs and unintended pregnancy, and contraceptive methods and emergency contraception?
3. What are the respondents' attitudes toward unprotected sexual activity regarding trust and
responsibility between partners, perceptions of risk and seriousness of STIs, comfort in discussing sexual health, and the influence of peers on sexual decision-making?
4. What are the sexual behaviours of the respondents regarding: participation in sexual activities,
utilization of protection or contraception, discourse on sexual health, information-seeking tendencies, and receptiveness to guidance or counseling?
5. What factors motivate students' participation in unprotected sexual behaviour compared with no
sexual activity, as evidenced in students' personal experiences?
6. What issues do students encounter when they attempt to practice safe sex, and what resources should
schools and communities provide to assist students in making proper sexual choices?
2.2 Null Hypotheses
The following null hypotheses will be tested at the 0.05 level of significance:
H₀₁: No significant relationship exists between demographic profile and knowledge of unprotected sexual activity.
H₀₂: No significant relationship exists between knowledge and attitudes toward unprotected sexual activity. H₀₃: No significant relationship exists between attitudes and sexual practices regarding unprotected sexual activity.
H₀₄: No significant relationship exists between knowledge and sexual practices regarding unprotected sexual activity.
2.3 Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 is the conceptual framework of this study which illustrates how multiple factors influence the sexual behaviours of Criminology students. A student’s demographic profile, including age, gender, year level, civil status, religion, residence, and living arrangements, as a foundation that shapes their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding sexual activity.
Knowledge refers to students’ understanding of the risks of unprotected sex, STI prevention, unintended pregnancy, and awareness of contraceptive methods. The sexual health attitudes of individuals prove to be based on their beliefs and their perceptions of their partner's trustworthiness and their likelihood of acquiring STIs and their ability to discuss sexual topics. People show their sexual health practices through their use of condoms and their ability to communicate with their partner and their search for sexual information and their decision to obtain counseling services. The KAP factors combine to determine student sexual decision-making processes which lead them to select between safe and hazardous activities.
2.4 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
A person's religious beliefs and their relationship confidence and their STI transmission risk and their sexual discussion comfort determine their sexual health perception. The sexual health practices of individuals are reflected through their condom usage and their ability to communicate with partners and their sexual information seeking and their counseling attendance. KAP variables help students determine which actions to take between dangerous and safe actions because these variables affect their decisionmaking process. The study covered students' understanding of STIs and their knowledge of contraceptive methods and preventive techniques and their sexual risk assessment and their social decision-making processes. The study did not include students from other programs or universities and used only survey research as its data collection method. The study results were affected because participants provided selfreported data which created response bias.
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
The researchers used a mixed-methods approach which combined descriptive-correlational quantitative research with qualitative inquiry to evaluate how criminology students understand and feel about unprotected sexual activity. The study utilized surveys and questionnaires to conduct a quantitative investigation which assessed how demographic factors, knowledge, attitudes, practices, and sexual behaviour patterns were interconnected. The study examined the data and verified the validity and reliability of the findings using statistical techniques.
The study used qualitative research to produce superior outcomes by examining how student’s actual experiences affected their study motivations which were shaped by their social environments and their cultural practices and their study challenges and the factors that drove them to succeed. The combination of interviews with open-ended questions resulted in deeper insights which went beyond what quantitative data could show.
3.2 Research Respondents and Locale
There were 301 Criminology students from Southway College of Technology in Agusan Del Sur who took part in the study during the second semester of the 2025–2026 school year. Researchers used Lynch's formula to select respondents through stratified random sampling because they wanted to achieve balanced representation of different year levels and gender groups and various living conditions. The researchers chose the college on purpose because it is easy to get to, has a supportive atmosphere, and is dedicated to student health and welfare programs. The research locale is shown in Figure 2.
3.3 Research Instrument
The researchers measured criminology students' knowledge, attitudes, and practices through two assessment tools which included a semi-structured interview guide and a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire required respondents to evaluate their health issue risk, their health issue understanding, their perception of health benefits and health risk, their opinion about health intervention triggers, and their self-assessed abilities through the Health Belief Model (HBM).
Three experts from criminology education, social science, and public health assessed the document and made changes to improve its clarity and usability. The instrument included four sections which contained a demographic profile, an assessment of participants' knowledge about STIs and contraceptives, their sexual health attitudes and response to peer pressure, and their sexual health practices which included condom use and communication and counseling. The assessment of knowledge and behaviour used a scoring scale that ranged from "Outstanding" to "Very Poor." The researchers used a semi-structured interview guide to study how participants dealt with social pressure through their life experiences and their efforts to solve challenges. The research instruments established reliable study results which demonstrated both major patterns and slight changes in students' sexual health habits.
3.4 Data Gathering Procedures
The Research Ethics Review Committee granted approval for the study, which followed ethical guidelines and institutional research standards to protect participant confidentiality and informed consent. The adviser received a Notice to Commence after the college dean and criminology department head authorized instrument distribution to 301 students. The researchers required a pilot test to establish questionnaire validity before they started their primary research.
The researchers collected most of their data through structured surveys, which they administered to students after obtaining informed consent and conducting an orientation. Researchers documented student participation while they assessed different environmental factors throughout the testing process.
The research team used semi-structured interviews to study selected survey respondents' personal experiences and the challenges they faced and the social factors that influenced them. The researchers employed theme coding to analyze qualitative data while they used descriptive and inferential statistical methods to analyze quantitative data. The study used three reliability tests, which included Cronbach's alpha and inter-rater validation tests, to confirm its results. The study discovered important information about students' sexual health knowledge and their attitudes and behaviours through which data patterns could be measured.
3.5 Treatment of Data
The researchers began their analysis work after they completed their data table creation process which enabled them to study the research hypothesis together with the null hypothesis. The study employed descriptive statistics to present the demographic information of respondents together with their knowledge about unprotected sexual activities and their corresponding attitudes and actual behaviours. The researchers applied inferential statistics to establish connections between different study variables. Pearson's correlation evaluated how knowledge levels connected with demographic factors and how behaviour patterns related to attitude patterns.
The researchers used regression analysis to identify predictors of sexual behaviour which included unprotected sexual activity while chi-square analysis studied the connections between different categorical variables. The study applied a 0.05 significance level to evaluate results which included pattern analysis to identify key factors that affect students' sexual activity decisions and to create recommendations for sexual health programs.
3.6 Qualitative Data Treatment
The researchers transcribed open-ended survey responses which they subsequently analyzed and coded to identify repeating themes and patterns that described students' experiences and perceptions and difficulties they faced when engaging in unprotected sexual activity. The research team used thematic analysis to achieve two objectives by first obtaining deep understanding of their lived experiences and second using real life stories to explain statistical results.
3.7 Ethical Considerations
The research followed all institutional and ethical procedures by obtaining approval from both the Research Ethics Review Committee and the college administration. The research team obtained informed consent from all participants who received information about their right to participate and their right to leave any time while their personal information would remain confidential. The researchers used response coding to protect participant identities while presenting results in an overall summary. The research followed non-maleficence and beneficence principles because it protected participants from harm while searching for methods to enhance sexual health program effectiveness. The study maintained fairness and justice by providing all students equal opportunities to participate. The study maintained fairness and justice because researchers explained their research objectives and study methods to participants. A debriefing session took place at the conclusion, which included sharing results with the administration. The researchers expressed their gratitude to participants for their assistance.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Figure 3 the study examined demographic characteristics of 301 participants, displaying their results through bar graphs which showed that most respondents shared three common attributes and twelve geographic locations and three ethnic backgrounds and three marital statuses and three living arrangements. First to second-year students made up 55% of the sample, while Roman Catholicism was the most common religion (60%). The research results support previous studies which demonstrate that young people show vulnerability to peer norms which affect their sexual conduct [16], [17]. The research discovered that knowledge levels about sexual health information showed a strong connection to both gender and residential patterns of the participants [20], [21]. The research found that year level did not create any observable effects [18].
4.2 Level of Knowledge on Unprotected Sexual Activity
Table 1 shows that 49.17% of participants demonstrated low knowledge while 42.86% showed moderate knowledge and only 7.97% possessed extensive knowledge. The study findings show that people do not understand the methods of transmission for sexually transmitted infections and their prevention and the correct use of contraceptives. The study results show that teenagers lack understanding about sexual health matters [19], [20].
4.3 Relationship between Demographic Profile and Level of Knowledge (H₀₁)
The chi-square analysis from Table 2 showed that knowledge had a strong relationship with both gender and place of residence but did not extend to year level. The H₀₁ hypothesis was tested and partially rejected because social exposure and gender differences control how people access sexual health information [20], [21].
4.4 People's Attitudes towards Sex without Protection
According to Table 3, the majority of respondents (58.47%) had moderate attitudes, followed by low attitudes (27.24%) and high attitudes (14.29%). The Health Belief Model together with prior research on peer norms and communication discomfort reveals that moderate attitudes produce dual feelings which prevent people from maintaining preventive behaviour.
4.5 Sexual Practices of Respondents
The study found that 54.82% of participants exhibited intermediate habits because they failed to protect themselves and their communication with others as Table 4 shows. The available data shows that people who know about sexual matters tend to behave according to their existing attitudes rather than their actual knowledge of the subject [20], [22].
4.6 Test of Relationships among Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices
Correlation analysis in Table 5 showed moderate positive relationships between knowledge and attitudes (r = .33) and attitudes and practices (r = .33), leading to rejection of H₀₂ and H₀₃. The study found a weak relationship between knowledge and practices which showed no significant connection according to the results which revealed an r value of [11]. The study demonstrates that possessing knowledge about safety practices does not ensure that people will engage in safer behaviours according to the evidence from reference [22].
4.7 Qualitative Findings: Factors Influencing Sexual Decision-Making
Researchers used thematic analysis to identify four themes which impacted students' decisions about sexual activities, including peer pressure and relationship trust and their perception of obstacles and their ability to recognize upcoming tasks.
4.8 Peer Influence and Social Norms
Respondents identified peer expectations as a significant factor, which they used to establish a pattern of normalizing unprotected sexual activity. A lot of my friends don't use condoms, so sometimes you think its okay not to use one. (P12) "People assume bad things won't happen to them because their friends say something is safe and no dangers occur." (P27)
4.9 Trust and Relationship Dynamics
Many justified not using protection due to trust in partners. The speaker developed complete trust in their partner which led them to believe that protection was no longer needed. (P45) "Talking about condoms when you've been together for a long time makes it seem like you don't trust each other." (P83)
4.10 Perceived Barriers to Safe Sex
The situation became more difficult because people experienced embarrassment and stigma and their inability to access safe practices. "It's embarrassing to buy condoms, especially if people know you." (P109) "Sometimes you want to use protection, but it's not always there when you need it." (P64)
4.11 Cues to Action and Support Systems
Education and counseling increased confidence in safe sex. “After attending a seminar, I became more confident in talking to my partner about protection.” (P158) “Guidance counseling helped me understand that protecting myself is not something to be ashamed of.” (P201) These findings explain why knowledge alone does not ensure safe practices. People tend to follow their peer social norms which they trust will protect them from the obstacles they face. The Health Belief Model shows that institutional support together with confidence building measures help people reduce their dangerous activities.
5. CONCLUSION
The study findings show that Criminology students at Southway College of Technology struggle to understand and develop their attitudes and their ability to handle unprotected sexual situations. Students demonstrated low to medium knowledge about the topic because their living location and gender characteristics had a greater impact on their knowledge than their academic standing. Most people had moderate attitudes, which showed that they were aware of the risks but were held back by peer pressure, fear of being judged, and discomfort with talking about sexual health. People displayed average sexual behaviour which included they displayed average levels of sexual activity, which they maintained through irregular condom use and restricted their ability to communicate. People showed more positive attitudes toward other emotional aspects of life than they did toward their sexual knowledge. The qualitative research showed that people trust their partners while they follow peer norms and view obstacles as more important than their knowledge base, but seminars and counseling programs enable learners to develop authentic self-confidence to improve their safety practices. The Health Belief Model shows that organizations need to implement multiple strategies which eliminate obstacles while increasing selfefficacy and educational pathways that will lead to sexual behaviour protection.
5.1 Summary of Findings
The research showed that Southway College of Technology Criminology students who were between 21 to 23 years old and male and single and lived in urban areas demonstrated low to moderate understanding of sexual health, which they studied. The study results demonstrated that participants showed moderate attitude levels because they understood the risks yet they refused to discuss sexual health when others were present. The study found that participants engaged in sexual activities at moderate levels while they showed inconsistent use of protection methods and limited ability to discuss sexual matters. The correlation analysis showed that attitudes acted as a stronger mediator for behaviour than knowledge because knowledge by itself did not ensure safer practices. The qualitative findings validated the results which showed peer norms and trust in partners and embarrassment and restricted contraceptive access as obstacles while the seminars and counseling sessions increased confidence and safer sexual behaviour which demonstrated how psychosocial factors and institutional support helped reduce risky practices.
Acknowledgments
The researchers would like to express their sincere gratitude to Southway College of Technology for allowing the conduct of this study. The authors also extend their appreciation to their parents and families for their continuous support and encouragement throughout the completion of this research. Special thanks are given to Maam Achelie Refran, the research adviser, for her valuable guidance, constructive feedback, and unwavering support during the entire research process.
Funding Information
This study was funded through the personal financial support of the researchers and their parents. The funding sources had no involvement in research design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data, or the preparation of the manuscript.
Author Contributions Statement
| Name of Author | C | M | So | Va | Fo | I | R | D | O | E | Vi | Su | P | Fu | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anchelie M. Refran | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Hannah Leah S. Calang | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
| Jesebel C.Berdin | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| Kyla S. Cabanos | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| Angel S. Espiritu | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
C: Conceptualization; M: Methodology; So: Software; Va: Validation; Fo: Formal analysis; I: Investigation; R: Resources; D: Data curation; O: Writing – original draft; E: Writing – review & editing; Vi: Visualization; Su: Supervision; P: Project administration; Fu: Funding acquisition.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this research.
Informed Consent
The research explanation was provided to all participants before they began the study. The study obtained permission from all participants who provided their personal information which remained confidential throughout the research process.
Ethical Approval
The study followed ethical research standards in the collection, analysis, and reporting of data. Permission to conduct the research was obtained from the appropriate school authorities before the data gathering process began.
Data Availability
The data used and analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
- [1] W. C. Millanzi, 'Adolescents' world: Know one tell one against unsafe sexual behaviours, teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections including chlamydia', in Infectious Diseases, IntechOpen, 2023. doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109048
- [2] M. Scalese, B. Ferrante, S. Cerrai, & S. Molinaro, Unprotected Sex and Its Association with Other Risky Behaviours among European Students: A Multinational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 23(1), 48, Dec. 2025, doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23010048
- [3] K. Peltzer, & S. Pengpid, Contraceptive non-use and associated factors among university students in 22 countries. Afr Health Sci, 15(4), 056-64, Dec. 2015. doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v15i4.2.
- [4] S. Yi, V. Te, S. Pengpid, K. Peltzer, Social and behavioural factors associated with risky sexual behaviours among university students in nine ASEAN countries: a multi-country cross-sectional study. SAHARA J, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 71-79, Dec. 2018, doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2018.1503967.
- [5] M. S. Y. Lim, J. S. Hocking, L. Sanci, and M. Temple-Smith, 'A systematic review of international students' sexual health knowledge, behaviours, and attitudes', Sex. Health, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1-16, Mar. 2022. doi.org/10.1071/SH21073
- [6] J. Addatu-Cambri, Filipino Youth’s Self-Efficacy in Sexual Health: Implications on Sexuality and Reproductive Health Education and Services. Journal for Educators, Teachers and Trainers, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 679-691, Jun. 2023, doi.org/10.47750/jett.2023.14.03.079.
- [7] R.V. Cruz, The Role of Sex Guilt as a Mediating Variable in the Association of Relationship and Sexual Satisfaction: An Intersectional Approach. Sexuality & Culture, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 616–639, Apr. 2022, doi.org/10.1007/s12119-021-09912-y
- [8] A.C. Simpao, and H. Yabut, "Conservation Behaviour among Students in a University in Metro Manila: The Moderating Role of Attitudes on the Impact of Environmental Knowledge," Asia-Pacific Social Science Review: vol. 22, issue. 3, article 8, June 2022, doi.org/10.59588/2350-8329.1466
- [9] J. Zhang, B. Ma, X. Han, S. Ding, and Y. Li, 'Global, regional, and national burdens of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2019: a trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019', Lancet Child Adolesc. Health, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 763-776, Nov. 2022. doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00219-X
- [10] K.N. Nkwazema, Investigating the Epidemiological Trends, Cognitive Understanding, and Risk Mitigation Strategies of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Adolescent Female Students at Iyoba College, Benin City. Sch J App Med Sci.,vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 655-64, May 2024, doi.org/10.36347/sjams.2024.v12i05.024
- [11] A. Strome, N.D. Moore-Petinak, M. Waselewski, and T. Chang, Youths’ knowledge and perceptions of health risks associated with unprotected oral sex. The Annals of Family Medicine, vol. 20, no. 1, pp.72 - 76, Jun. 2022, doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2022.100253
- [12] A. N. C. Bermudez, K. L. Cochon, & D. Operario, Intimate partner violence and HIV testing in Filipino women: Analysis of the 2017 Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey. Violence against women, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 2857-2876, Nov. 2021, doi.org/10.1177/107780122110457
- [13] V. M. Alegado, A. P. Domingo, D. V., Rogayan, & J. Albeza, College Students’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Reproductive Health: Implications to Science Education Curriculum. Science Education International, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 94-105, Mar. 2025, doi.org/10.33828/sei.v36.i1.10
- [14] D.V. Rogayan Jr., V. M. F. Alegado, A. P. F. Domingo, J. R. Albeza, Promoting sexual and reproductive health: the role of Philippine universities, Journal of Public Health, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. e726–e727, Dec. 2024, doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdae143
- [15] S.R. Black, S. Schmiege, S. Bull, Actual versus perceived peer sexual risk behaviour in online youth social networks, Translational Behavioural Medicine, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 312–319, Sep. 2023, doi.org/10.1007/s13142-013-0227-y
- [16] Y. Yang, J. Jeong, & S.-H. Bae, A systematic review of social processes and mechanisms in the community that influence risky sexual behaviour among adolescents and young adults. Nursing Open, vol. 10, pp. 5868–5886, May 2023, doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1870
- [17] Y.H. Tseng, C.P. Cheng, S.H. Kuo, W.L. Hou, T.F. Chan, and F.H. Chou, Safe sexual behaviours intention among female youth: the construction on extended theory of planned behaviour. Journal of advanced nursing, vol. 76, no. 3, pp.814-823, Mar. 2020, doi.org/10.1111/jan.14277
- [18] N. S. Mohammed, Y. E.-S. Hussein, Y. M. Abd ElGawad, and N. M. Amin, 'Effect of palliative care program on nurses' knowledge, attitude and self- efficacy toward care of cancer patients', Minia Scientific Nursing Journal, vol. 017, no. 1, pp. 20-28, June 2025. doi.org/10.21608/msnj.2025.352967.1154
- [19] R. Q. De Torres, 'Facilitators and barriers to condom use among Filipinos: A systematic review of literature', Health Promot. Perspect, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 306-315, Nov. 2020. doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2020.49
- [20] M. J. de O. Santos, E. M. S. Ferreira, and M. C. Ferreira, 'Predictors of condom use among college students', Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 433, Apr. 2024. doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21040433
- [21] L. Widman et al., 'A digital program to promote sexual communication between early adolescents and parents: Development and acceptability testing results', J. Sex Res., pp. 1-11, Nov. 2025. doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2025.2574882
- [22] S. Kaladharan, K. Daken, A. B. Mullens, and J. Durham, 'Tools to measure HIV knowledge, attitudes & practices (KAPs) in healthcare providers: a systematic review', AIDS Care, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1500- 1506, Nov. 2021. doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1822502
- [23] C. A. Vamos, E. L. Thompson, R. G. Logan, S. B., Griner, K. M. Perrin, L. K. Merrell, & E. M. Daley, Exploring college students’ sexual and reproductive health literacy. Journal of American College Health, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 79–88, Jan 2020, doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1515757
- [24] J. Deese, S. Pradhan, H. Goetz, & C. Morrison, Contraceptive use and the risk of sexually transmitted infection: systematic review and current perspectives. Open Access Journal of Contraception, vol. 9, pp. 91–112, Nov. 2018, doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S135439
- [25] Q. M. Clark, A pedagogical approach: toward leveraging mathematical modeling and AI to support integrating humanities into STEM education. In Frontiers in Education , vol. 9, pp. 1396104, Jan. 2025, doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1396104