Chlorhexidine mouthwash in dentistry

Abstract

Background: Chlorhexidine is a widely used antimicrobial mouthwash valued for its strong antibacterial and anti-plaque properties. It has remained an important agent in oral care and is commonly used by dental professionals to prevent and manage periodontal diseases and other oral infections.

Objective: This review aims to summarize the properties, cellular mechanism of action, and clinical applications of chlorhexidine as an antimicrobial agent in dentistry.

Methods: A narrative review was conducted focusing on the pharmacological characteristics of chlorhexidine, particularly its substantivity and broad antimicrobial spectrum. Its various formulations and applications across different dental specialties were also reviewed.

Results: Chlorhexidine demonstrates prolonged antimicrobial activity due to its high substantivity and broad spectrum of action against numerous oral microorganisms. It is frequently incorporated into mouthwashes for plaque control and management of oral diseases. Its antimicrobial effect involves an initial bactericidal action followed by sustained bacteriostatic activity. This prolonged effect is attributed to its ability to bind to oral tissues, tooth surfaces, enamel, and the acquired pellicle, allowing gradual release of the agent. Chlorhexidine is available in several formulations, including mouthwashes, gels, sprays, and restorative materials, and has applications across multiple areas of dentistry. A commonly recommended regimen involves rinsing with 10–15 mL of undiluted chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse for approximately 30 seconds, followed by expectoration.

Conclusion: Chlorhexidine remains an effective and versatile antimicrobial agent in dentistry because of its substantivity, broad antimicrobial spectrum, and combined bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects. Its diverse formulations support its continued use in the prevention and management of periodontal and other oral diseases.