The Difficulties of English Language Acquisition in the State of Jammu and Kashmir: A Critical Survey

Abstract

This study investigates the multifaceted challenges impeding English language acquisition in Jammu and Kashmir, highlighting the interplay of socio-economic conditions, political instability, and deficiencies in educational infrastructure. This detailed classroom observations and teacher interviews; this research elucidates the primary obstacles to effective English language learning in the state. A central focus of the study is the tension between teachers’ beliefs in allowing students the time and freedom to express themselves in English and their preference for rapid progression and precise language use. This tension is exacerbated by the region’s complex multilingual environment, which includes languages such as Kashmiri, Dogri, Urdu, and Punjabi. Each of these languages introduces distinct linguistic structures and phonetic systems, complicating the English language learning process. Research reveals that many schools in Jammu and Kashmir are plagued by inadequate resources, including outdated textbooks and insufficient teaching aids. A significant issue is the presence of poorly trained teachers who lack the specialized skills necessary for effective English language instruction. The predominance of Urdu as the medium of instruction in many schools further restricts students’ exposure to English, hindering their language acquisition. The study also critiques the lack of focus and structure within the existing language arts curriculum. The curriculum offers insufficient guidance for teaching fundamental English-language skills and employs ineffective techniques for vocabulary development. These deficiencies contribute to the broader issue of ineffective language acquisition. Moreover, the paper explores how rigid curricula and assessment methods that prioritize rote learning over practical language use contribute to the difficulties faced by students. These traditional approaches undermine the development of essential language skills and limit the effectiveness of English language education in the region. The study underscores the urgent need for curriculum reform and enhanced teacher training to address these challenges and improve English language acquisition outcomes in Jammu and Kashmir.