The evolution of database in navigating data driven cloud technology

Abstract

This paper examines the transformative evolution of database management systems in response to Big data, cloud computing adoption and exponential data growth. Traditional relational database management systems (RDBMS) have increasingly given way to diverse, specialized solutions as organizations face unprecedented challenges in storing, processing, and extracting value from massive datasets. Our research investigates how database paradigms have diversified to include document, key-value, graph, time-series, and vector databases while operational models have progressed from self-managed to autonomous systems. The integration of artificial intelligence into database operations has enabled advanced capabilities such as automated optimization, anomaly detection, and predictive maintenance. Analyzing how cloud-driven database technologies address the current growth of data management: volume, velocity, variety, veracity, and value generation. Through literature review, and three industry case studies, we identify critical technological drivers, organizational considerations, and environmental factors shaping database evolution. The findings reveal that successful navigation of modern database ecosystems requires organizations to implement strategic approaches that balance innovation with stability, performance good cost, flexibility and security for better improvement. The paper examining emerging trends including edge-cloud continuums, quantum-resistant encryption, and federated architectures that maintain data sovereignty while enabling cross-cloud analytics.