Comprehensive Insights into Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis, Management, and Emerging Trends

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a common and long-lasting metabolic condition characterised by consistently high blood sugar levels caused by problems with insulin production, insulin function, or both. This article offers a thorough examination of diabetes mellitus, including its different types, underlying physiological processes, variables that contribute to its development, symptoms experienced by patients, criteria used for diagnosis, and tactics employed for its management. The main categories of diabetes are Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), an autoimmune disorder that results in insufficient insulin production; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), characterised by insulin resistance and inadequate insulin production; and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), which occurs during pregnancy and presents risks to both the mother and the baby. Monogenic diabetes, although less common, also deserves attention because of its distinct care needs. The review explores the pathophysiological underpinnings of each kind, emphasising the interaction between genetic, environmental, and metabolic factors. The discussion focuses on risk factors, including genetic predisposition, obesity, and lifestyle choices, and their relationship to the development of diseases. The clinical manifestations of this condition differ depending on the kind, but typically include symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, and exhaustion. In cases where the condition is poorly controlled, problems such as cardiovascular disease and neuropathy may arise.